System and method for determining Q factor

ABSTRACT

According to a first aspect of the present disclosed subject matter, a method for detecting foreign objects by a host transmitter inductively coupled with a repeater, the method comprising: obtaining a Q-factor from a receiver placed on the repeater; measuring a decay pattern of at least one joint resonance frequency (JRF); determining a Q-factor of the repeater based on the decay pattern; and determining foreign object presence based on the Q-factor of the repeater and a corrected Q-factor obtained from the receiver.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/059,914, filed Nov. 30, 2020, which is a 371 national phaseapplication of International Application No. PCT/IL2019/050611, filedMay 29, 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 62/678,276, filed May 31, 2018, each of which are incorporated byreference as if fully set forth.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosed subject matter relates to wireless power chargingsystems. More particularly, the present disclosed subject matter relatesto determining Q factor for wireless chargers that use repeaters.

BACKGROUND

Wireless power charging systems are usually deployed in public venues,such as restaurants, coffee shops, airports, bus stations, trainstations, banks, schools, libraries, hotels, official building, or thelike. Typically, the systems are installed on top of decorativesurfaces, such as tables, bars, or the like that are accessible tousers, thus require a seamless, and hazard free installation.

To meet these requirements, without damaging the decorative surfaces,one or more repeaters may be mounted on the surface while the powercharging transmitter should be concealed under the surface. In suchextended distance between the power transmitter and a charged device therepeater is serving for sustaining/enhancing wireless chargingcapability. Such topology poses an issue of foreign objects placed onthe charging surface that may impact the inductance between thetransmitter, charging surface (repeater) and a charged device(receiver).

As suggested by the wireless power consortium (WPC), commerciallyavailable system uses Q factor measurement and reported Q factor, of thereceiver, in order to detect foreign object placed on a transmitter.However, the issue of detecting foreign object systems that utilizerepeaters remains unsolved.

A quality factor or Q factor is a parameter describing dissipation ofenergy stored in an resonance circuit and characterizes its bandwidthrelative to its designated frequency. Higher Q indicates a lower rate ofenergy loss, i.e. oscillations decay is slower. The general definitionof the Q factor is based on the ratio of apparent power to the powerlosses in a device. From this definition, the quality factor of a coilresults to: Q=2πfL/R, where [f] is frequency; [L] is inductance; [R] isresistance and where Q can have a value between 0 and infinity.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the present disclosed subject matter, amethod for detecting foreign objects, by a host transmitter inductivelycoupled with a repeater, the method comprising: obtaining a Q-factorfrom a receiver placed on the repeater; measuring a decay pattern of atleast one joint resonance frequency (JRF); determining a Q-factor of therepeater based on the decay pattern; and determining foreign objectpresence based on the Q-factor of the repeater and a corrected Q-factorobtained from the receiver.

In some exemplary embodiments, the measuring a decay pattern furthercomprising excitation, by the host transmitter, of the transmitterprimary coil and measuring the decay pattern after the excitation,wherein the excitation comprising at least one sequence of pulses eachhaving a base frequency, and wherein the decay pattern has anoscillation frequency corresponding a first JRF and a second JRF.

In some exemplary embodiments, the base frequency is empiricallyachieved, frequency, and wherein the measuring the decay pattern afterthe excitation, comprising measuring the decay pattern of both JRFs foreach sequence.

In some exemplary embodiments, the base frequency is substantially nearthe first JRF, and wherein the measuring the decay pattern after theexcitation, comprising measuring the decay pattern of the first JRF.

In some exemplary embodiments, the excitation comprising having anadditional sequence of pulses having a base frequency substantially nearthe second JRF, and wherein the measuring the decay pattern after theexcitation, comprising measuring the decay pattern of the second JRF foreach sequence.

In some exemplary embodiments, determining the Q-factor of the repeateris also based on a decay factor of the decay pattern for an oscillationof at least one JRF.

In some exemplary embodiments, the determining foreign object presencefurther comprises calculating the corrected Q-factor obtained from thereceiver by the host transmitter.

In some exemplary embodiments, the determining foreign object presencefurther comprises comparing the corrected Q-factor to the Q factor ofthe repeater, and wherein at least one foreign object presence isdetected if the Q factor of the repeater is smaller than the correctedQ-factor.

In some exemplary embodiments, after the at least one foreign objectpresence is detected the host transmitter either stop or minimizepowering the repeater.

In some exemplary embodiments, the method is repeated periodically uponthe at least one foreign object presence is detected.

In some exemplary embodiments, the method is repeated periodically.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this disclosed subject matter belongs. Although methodsand materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can beused in the practice or testing of the present disclosed subject matter,suitable methods and materials are described below. In case of conflict,the specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, thematerials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intendedto be limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)

Some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specificreference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that theparticulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrativediscussion of the preferred embodiments of the present disclosed subjectmatter only, and are presented in the cause of providing what isbelieved to be the most useful and readily understood description of theprinciples and conceptual aspects of the disclosed subject matter. Inthis regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of thedisclosed subject matter in more detail than is necessary for afundamental understanding of the disclosed subject matter, thedescription taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled inthe art how the several forms of the disclosed subject matter may beembodied in practice.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a cross-section view of a layout of a wireless powercharging system, in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of thedisclosed subject matter;

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a system for wireless power charging, inaccordance with some exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subjectmatter; and

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart diagram of a method, in accordance with someexemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the disclosed subjectmatter in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosed subjectmatter is not limited in its application to the details of constructionand the arrangement of the components set forth in the followingdescription or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosed subject matteris capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out invarious ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology andterminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and shouldnot be regarded as limiting. The drawings are generally not to scale.For clarity, non-essential elements were omitted from some of thedrawings.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, and“having” together with their conjugates mean “including but not limitedto”. The term “consisting of” has the same meaning as “including andlimited to”.

The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, methodor structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, butonly if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materiallyalter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition,method or structure.

As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example,the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a pluralityof compounds, including mixtures thereof.

Throughout this application, various embodiments of this disclosedsubject matter may be presented in a range format. It should beunderstood that the description in range format is merely forconvenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexiblelimitation on the scope of the disclosed subject matter. Accordingly,the description of a range should be considered to have specificallydisclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numericalvalues within that range.

It is appreciated that certain features of the disclosed subject matter,which are, for clarity, described in the context of separateembodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment.Conversely, various features of the disclosed subject matter, which are,for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may alsobe provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination or as suitablein any other described embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are notto be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless theembodiment is inoperative without those elements.

Referring now to FIG. 1 showing a cross-sectional view of aninstallation of wireless power charging system, in accordance with someexemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. The wirelesspower charging system may be comprised of a transmitter 100 and at leastone repeater 200.

In some exemplary embodiments, transmitter 100 may be mounted on oneside of a medium 10, whereas the repeater 200 may be mounted on theopposite side of the medium 10. The medium 10 may be made of anymaterial that doesn't conduct electricity, such as for example wood,plastic granite, marble, a combination thereof, or the like. It will benoted that in the present disclosure, medium 10 refers to surfaces, suchas tables, desks, bars, or the like that are accessible to users inpublic venues. For example: restaurants, coffee shops, airports, busstations; train stations, banks, schools, libraries, hotels, officialbuilding, or the like.

In some exemplary embodiments, the transmitter 100 comprises atransmitter coil (Lt) 110; a transmitter capacitor (Ct) 130; atransmitter ferrite 119, and a transmitter electronics; all incorporatedinside a transmitter enclosure that may be secured to medium 10.

In some exemplary embodiments, the repeater 200 may comprise a repeatercoil (Lr) 210; a repeater ferrite 219, and a repeater capacitor (Cr)230; all incorporated in a repeater enclosure that may be secured to anopposite side of medium 10. The repeater enclosure may have a shape andform factor of a mat, a pad, a saucer, a coaster, a combination thereof,or the like. The repeater 200 can be secured to medium 10 in a way thatguarantee overlapping with transmitter 100. It will be noted that,repeater 200 and transmitter 100 overlap each other so that Lt 110 andLr 210 shall be substantially aligned, to face one another, foroptimizing inductance between the two, as depicted in FIG. 1.

In some exemplary embodiments, transmitter 100, can be configured toutilize the repeater 200 for inductively (wirelessly) charge device 20placed on repeater 200. Device 20 may be a user's device such as atablet, a laptop a smartphone, or any chargeable mobile handsets thatcomprise a receiver coil 22 configured to receive inductive power forcharging a battery of the device 20.

Similar to Lr 210 and Lt 110, coil 22 and Lr 210 may substantially faceand overlap each other, i.e. centers of coil 22 and Lr 210 can bealigned, in order to meet one of the effective charging criteria. Toensure the alignment, the enclosure of repeater 200 can be marked with alayout that indicates to a user, the optimal place for positioningdevice 20 on top of repeater 200 so as to gain effective charging.However, the wireless power charging system may be adapted to providepower charging even if device 20 is not precisely positioned on top ofrepeater 200 as depicted in FIG. 1.

In some exemplary embodiments, both Lr 210 and Lt 100 may be flat spiralair core coils that allows for relatively high coupling between Lr 210and Lt 100 despite a thickness of medium 10. In the embodiment depictedin FIG. 1, the coupling factor between Lr 210 and Lt 100 may be greaterthan 0.25, whereas the coupling between typical coil 22 and Lr 210 canbe greater than 0.15.

In some exemplary embodiments, transmitter 100 comprises a transmitterferrite 119, which can be a layer made of ferrite material with suitablemagnetic characteristics of permeability & core losses. One technicalreason for utilizing the transmitter-ferrite 119 is providing a bufferfor protecting transmitter-electronics from inductive energy. Anothertechnical reason for utilizing the transmitter-ferrite 119 can be toincrease the magnetic field facing repeater 200; thus, the inductance ofthe Lt 110. Transmitter-ferrite 119 properties such as thicknesses,flexibility, fragility a combination thereof, or the like may bedictated by an application in which the system of the present disclosureis provided. For example, the thickness and the material from which themedium 10 is made of. Since Lt 110 may have a shape of a circle, theshape of transmitter-ferrite 119 may also be a circle, having a diameterequal to or bigger than the Lt 110 external diameter. Alternatively,transmitter-ferrite 119 may have a shape of any geometric plane figureas long as Lt 110 external diameter is an inscribed circle within thegeometric plane figure.

In some exemplary embodiments, repeater 200 may comprise a repeaterferrite 219, which can be a layer made of ferrite material similar totransmitter-ferrite 119. One technical reason for utilizing the repeaterferrite 219 is to provide a buffer for protecting the electroniccircuitry of device 20 from inductive energy. Another technical reasonfor utilizing the repeater ferrite 219 may be to increase the magneticfield facing the transmitter 100, thereby the inductance of Lr 210.Repeater ferrite 219 can possess properties similar to the properties oftransmitter-ferrite 119. Since Lr 210 can have a shape of a circle, theshape of repeater ferrite 219 can also be a circle having a diameterequal to or bigger than the Lr 210 external diameter. Alternatively,repeater ferrite 219 may have a shape of any geometric plane figure aslong as Lr 210 external diameter is an inscribed circle within thegeometric plane figure.

In some exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, at leastone resonance capacitor (Ct) 130 can be connected in series to Lt 110and at least one resonance capacitor (Cr) 230 can be connected in seriesto Lr 210. The resonant capacitors can be placed inside the innerdiameter space of each coil accordingly. Alternatively, the resonantcapacitors can be placed next to the outer diameter space of each coilaccordingly, or elsewhere within the respected enclosure.

The repeater ferrite 219 of the present disclosure increases thecoupling factor of coil 22 and Lr 210 to better simulate a behavior of acoil 22 with commercially available standard transmission coil, and alsoreduces any direct coupling from Lt 110 to coil 22, which is not desiredin the system of the present disclosure. In addition, the resonancecapacitors of both the transmitter 100 and repeater 200 are intended tostabilize the system operational point, dependency of coil 22 loads andallow high efficiency in power transfer.

In some exemplary embodiments, a combination of the transmitter 100 andthe repeater 200 LC circuits, when no load is present, can form twodistinct resonance frequencies, hereinafter, joint resonance frequencies(JRF). The first resonance frequency of the JRF, may be adjacent totransmitter 100 LC circuit's resonance frequency; however, lower in anycase. The second resonance frequency of JRF may be adjacent to repeater200 LC circuit's resonance frequency, however higher in any case. Itshould be noted that the phrase “a combination of the transmitter 100and the repeater 200 LC circuits” refers in the present disclosure to astate where transmitter 100 and repeater 200 face each other, such asdepicted in FIG. 1 and power is applied to the transmitter 100. Itshould also be noted that the second resonance frequency, i.e. higherresonance frequency, shall be regarded as the present disclosure systemmain resonance frequency (MRF).

The resonance frequency of transmitter 100 LC circuit and repeater 200LC circuit are designed in such a way that their JRF, with no Coil 22 onthem, is tuned to be a specific range (typically 20-50 kHz) lower thanthe desired maximal operational frequency of the transmitter 100 and ishigher than coil 22 resonance frequency.

In some exemplary embodiments, an operating frequency (OPF) typicallyrange between 121 kHz-140 kHz, where the lower OPF of the range may be 4kHz higher than the MRF, wherein the maximal frequency may be 5 kHzlower than a regulatory limit. Alternatively, the maximal OPF may be setbelow the MRF and the regulatory maximal frequency limit. It will beunderstood that the system of the present disclosed avoids operation atresonance frequencies. The preferred OPF of the present disclosuresystem may be at a range of frequencies that are shifted to a frequencyeither lower or higher than the main resonance frequency (MRF).

Referring now to FIG. 2 showing a block diagram of a wireless powercharging system that use a repeater 200, in accordance with someexemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. The system forwireless power charging comprising a PS 160, a transmitter 100 and arepeater 200 for charging device 20 by through receiver coil 22.

In some exemplary embodiments, the system can be adapted to utilizetransmitter 100 for charging a user's chargeable device, such as device20 via repeater 200. The repeater 200 can be passive electronic circuitacting as repeaters for wirelessly transmitting charging energy todevice 20 or the like. Repeater 200 can comprise at least one coil(inductor) Lr 210 and at least one capacitor Cr 230 that form a repeaterLC resonance circuit.

In some exemplary embodiments, transmitter 100 can comprise, at leastone Lx 110 coil, and at least one capacitor Ct 130, configured forinducing current in the coil of repeater 200. Transmitter 100, furthercomprises a controller 151; a full and/or half bridge driver 152, a DCcurrent sensor 153, a DC voltage sensor 154, and an AC current sensor155.

Controller 151 can be a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor,an electronic circuit, an integrated circuit (IC), or the like.Additionally, or alternatively, controller 151 can be implemented asfirmware written for or ported to a specific processor such as digitalsignal processor (DSP) or microcontrollers, or can be implemented ashardware or configurable hardware such as field programmable gate array(FPGA) or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In someexemplary embodiments, controller 151 can be utilized to performcomputations required by transmitter 110 or any of its subcomponents.

In some exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, thecontroller 151 can be configured to utilize sensors 154 and 153 fordetermining DC voltage across PS 160 and DC current supplied by PS 160,respectively. Controller 151 can also be configured to utilize sensor155 for determining AC current supplied to Lt 110. Alternatively, outputAC current can be determined by sensing instantaneous current flowing tothe driver from the power supply with DC current sensor 153. It shouldbe noted that determining AC current parameters can comprise peakcurrent, average of absolute current, RMS current, amplitude of firstharmonic, and any combination thereof, or the like.

In some exemplary embodiments, controller 151 comprises a semiconductormemory component (not shown). The memory may be persistent or volatilememory, such as for example, a flash memory, a random-access memory(RAM), a programmable read only memory (PROM), a re-programmable memory(FLASH), and any combination thereof, or the like.

In some exemplary embodiments, the memory can be configured to retainsprogram code to activate controller 151 to perform acts associated withdetermining a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal that controls the fullor half bridge driver 152. Additionally, or alternatively, the memory ofcontroller 151 may retain instructions and code adapted to cause thecontroller 151 to execute methods, such as the method depicted in FIG.3.

In some exemplary embodiments, driver 152 can adjust the output currentflowing through Lt 110, i.e. power provided by the transmitter 100, bymodulating the OPF and/or duty cycle of the current flowing through Lt110. Additionally, the PWM signal generated by the controller 151 tunesthe modulation to satisfy the wireless charging needs of a load, such asdevice 20. It should be noted that the PWM signal frequency and dutycycle can be set by controller 151, within the OPF range, as previouslydescribed. Additionally, controller 151 can change the OPF within theOPF range based on the power demand of the device 20.

In some exemplary embodiments, the controller 151 can utilize its memoryto retain, connectivity software, monitoring information, configurationand control information and application associated with chargingmanagement of present disclosure system.

In some exemplary embodiments, the controller 151 can be configured tocommunicate with device 20 based on protocols that comply with thefollowing communications standards: power matters alliance (PMA);wireless power consortium (WPC) and AirFuel Alliance. According to thesecommunication methods, but not limited to, the controller 151 can beconfigured to acquire user's credentials from device 20 in order toauthenticate users for granting and regulating charging services.Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 151 can be alsoconfigured to acquire from device 20, its power requirements as well asa Q factor of the receiver coil 22 as provided by the manufacturer ofdevice 20.

It will be noted that the solutions/procedures/methods describedhereinafter are not limited to the system depicted in FIGS. 1-3 of thepresent disclosure, and in fact, may apply to enhance the operation ofcommercially available inductive power transfer systems. The descriptionof the embodiments hereinafter refers to elements of the system depictedin FIGS. 1-3, that are used as examples for describing the followingsolutions/procedures that may apply to other inductive power transfersystems.

It will also be noted that the present disclosure may utilize thesolutions, procedures and or methods described in patent applicationPCT/IL2018/050258 and PCT/IL2018/050266 that are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety into the specification, to the same extentas if it was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporatedherein by reference.

The components detailed above may be implemented as one or more sets ofinterrelated computer instructions, executed for example by controller151 or by another processor to for detecting foreign objects that mayaffect the magnetic field. The components may be arranged as one or moreexecutable files, dynamic libraries, static libraries, methods,functions, services, or the like.

The wireless power consortium (WPC) suggested obtaining a Q factor ofthe receiver (charged device) and measuring a Q factor, by a hosttransmitter, while the device is present on it. And compare the two Qfactors after normalizing the obtained Q factor of the receiveraccording to the host. It should be noted that, a measured Q factorsmaller than the normalized obtained Q factor, indicates, foreign objectpresence. The obtained Q factor is a number retained in the device andcommunicated by it to the host transmitter upon charging initialization.The Q factor number is a vendor specific value, typically resulting frommeasuring Q factor of a reference transmitter when a given vendor deviceis placed on it and operating with the reference transmitter. Theobtained Q factor can be normalized by the host transmitter in order tomake up for the different characteristics between the referencetransmitter and the host transmitter.

Foreign objects present within the electromagnetic field of a wirelesscharging system can cause efficiency loss and possible safety hazards byabsorbing portions of the electromagnetic field and heating up.Typically, foreign objects are unwanted metal objects such as coins,paper clips or metal objects attached to a cellphone case may besituated between, or near, a user's device (e.g. device 20) and repeater200.

While the WPC addresses the foreign objects detection only for systemsconsisting of transmitter and receiver, the objective of the presentinvention is providing foreign objects detection for systems that alsocomprise at least one repeater that doesn't have galvanic connectionwith a host transmitter. In some exemplary embodiments of the disclosedsubject matter; the transmitter can be at least one transmitter 100 (ofFIGS. 1 & 2); the repeater can be repeater 200 (of FIGS. 1 & 2); thedevice can be device 20 (of FIGS. 1 & 2); a combination thereof, or thelike. It should be noted that, that device 20 may be any commerciallyavailable chargeable device that comprise a receiver coil, such as coil22.

Another objective of the present disclosure is guarding against foreignobject issue by causing the transmitter 100 to either shut down orminimize power transfer following foreign object detection.

Referring now to FIG. 3 showing a flowchart diagram of a method fordetermining a Q-factor, in accordance with some exemplary embodiments ofthe disclosed subject matter. The method for determining a Q-factor maybe utilized for foreign objects detection in wireless charging systemsthat comprise at least one transmitter 100 (of FIGS. 1 & 2); at leastone repeater 200 (of FIGS. 1 & 2); and device 20 (of FIGS. 1 & 2).Wherein the transmitter and repeater don't have galvanic connection,thus a Q factor of repeater 200 can't be directly measured, and the onlypossible measurement is of host transmitter 100. It should be understoodthat, the foreign objects concerning the present disclosure are objectson or near either repeater 200 and or device 20.

In step 301, a receiver's Q-factor [Q_(wpc)] can be obtained. In someexemplary embodiments, controller 151 of the transmitter 100 can obtainthe Q_(wpc) from device 20. The transmitter 100, also referred herein ashost transmitter, can be configured to communicate with device 20 basedon protocols known in the art. In addition to information detailed inthis present disclosure the host transmitter can also be configured toobtain the receiver's Q_(wpc) of device 20. In some exemplaryembodiments, Q_(wpc) number is a value registered in device 20 by themanufacturer of device 20. The Q_(wpc) is indicates the Q factor of thedevice, while operating with a known reference transmitter.

In step 302, a Q-factor can be measured. In some exemplary embodiments,the Q-factor measurement comprising excitation, by the host transmitter,of the system's resonance circuits for a given period of time. Upon theend of the excitation, power charged in the capacitors and inductorsdecays. The decay pattern, in relation to a timeline, is indicative ofthe Q factor of the overall system, i.e. host transmitter 100, repeater200 and the receiver.

In some exemplary embodiments, the excitation is comprised oftransmitting, by the host transmitter 100, a sequence of pulses in atleast one determined frequency. It should be noted that, the system ofthe present disclosure comprises two resonance circuits, i.e. Lt 110plus Ct 130 for the transmitter 100 and Lt 210 plus Ct 230 for therepeater 200, in addition to the L22 and C22 of the receiver. It will beconcluded, from the structure of the present disclosure (FIG. 1), thattwo distinct JRFs (first JRF and second JRF) can be formed at theexcitation.

It should be noted that, for a given installation of the transmitter 100and repeater 200 the first JRF is known to the host transmitter whilethe second JRF can be determined by the transmitter 100 based onmeasurement of the decay of the oscillation frequency.

In one exemplary embodiment, the excitation comprises two sequences ofpulses, wherein one sequence has a base frequency associated to theknown first JRF and the other sequence have a base frequency associatedto the determined second JRF. Following the end of the excitation thetransmitter 100 can utilize any combination of its sensors, i.e. sensor153, 154 and 155, for facilitating the measurement of the decaypattern/time for both sequences.

In another exemplary embodiment, the excitation comprises one sequenceof pulses, wherein the sequence has a base frequency associated to theknown first JRF. Following the end of the excitation the transmitter 100can utilize any combination of its sensors, for facilitating themeasurement of the decay pattern/time the sequence.

In yet other exemplary embodiment, the excitation comprises one sequenceof pulses, wherein the sequence has an, empirically achieved, frequencythat is configured to trigger both JRFs. Following the end of theexcitation the transmitter 100 can utilize any combination of itssensors, for facilitating the measurement of the decay pattern/time forboth JRFs.

In some exemplary embodiments, any combination of the listed aboveembodiments for measuring the decay pattern/time may be used.

In step 303, a repeater's Q-factor can be determined. In some exemplaryembodiments, the repeater Q factor (Qr) can be determined by utilizingthe following mathematical equations that use information obtained fromdecay pattern/time measurements in addition to the obtained Q factor ofthe receiver.

It should be noted that, parasitic resistances including foreign-objectsreflected resistance are generally small compare to impedance ofcapacitors and inductors (i.e. high Q system). Thus, implying Q factorcloser to a system with no parasitic resistances, but yet smaller decaytime, therefore the equation shall have this format:real(e ^((±iw) ^(jn) ^(−ρ) ^(n) ⁾ t)

Were ω_(jn) are the JRFs of the system; ρ_(n) are decay factors for eachJRF. Since there are four solutions, i.e. two phases for each JRF. Thesolutions may be designated as w=w_(jn)+iρ_(n) were n is the number ofJRF. The following equation [Y] defines a relationship (proximity) of anexcitation frequency [w] with a self-resonance frequency, of a givenresonance circuit. Therefore, taking into account the impedance of theresonance circuit. Were w_(x) is the JRF of a specific circuit, e.g.transmitter or repeater, of each circuit, and w is the excitationfrequency.

$= {1 - ( \frac{w_{x}}{w} )^{2}}$

The following equation represents the time after excitation ended:

*I(w) = 0

Where, K_(pr) is the coupling between Lt 110 coil and Lr 210 coil. Aftertransforming the above:

( Y r ( w ) - i Q r ) - k 2 = 0 ⁢ = wL x ⁢ and ⁢ k = K ρ ⁢ r

After analyzing Y_(x)(w) when substituting w.sub.j.fwdarw.w_(j+i)ρ thefollowing may be obtained.

= 1 - ( w x ) 2 + 2 ⁢ i ⁢ ρ ⁢ w x 2 = Y ρ ⁢ ( w j ) + w x 2 ⁢ 2 ⁢ i ⁢ ρ ⁢ w x2 - 1 Q ρ ) ⁢ ( Y r ⁢ ( w j ) + 2 ⁢ i ⁢ ρ ⁢ w x 2 - 1 Q r ) - k 2 = 0 ⁢ Y ρ ⁢ (w j ) ⁢ Y y ⁢ ( w j ) - k 2 + ( 2 ⁢ i ⁢ ρ ⁢ w x 2 - 1 Q ρ ) ⁢ Y r ⁢ ( w j ) + (2 ⁢ i ⁢ ρ ⁢ w x 2 - 1 Q r ) ⁢ Y p ( ) ⁢ ( w j ) + 0 ⁢ ( Q - 2 ) = 0

Neglecting last term since it substantially smaller, shall yield:

${{{( {{2i\rho\frac{w_{p}^{2}}{w_{j}^{2}}} - \frac{1}{Q_{\rho}}} ){Y_{r}( w_{j} )}} + {( {{2i\rho\frac{w_{r}^{2}}{w_{j}^{3}}} - \frac{1}{Q_{r}}} )Y_{\rho}( w_{j} )}} \cong 0}\frac{{Y_{r}\frac{R_{\rho}}{L_{\rho}}} + {Y_{\rho}\frac{R_{r}}{L_{r}}}}{2( {{( {1 - Y_{\rho}} )Y_{r}} + {( {1 - Y_{r}} )Y_{\rho}}} )}$

Defining a Q factor for first JRF as:

$Q_{j} = \frac{w_{j}}{\rho}$

The above yields two equations for ρ₁ & ρ₂ that relate to the twoosculation modes. The value of ρ₁ & ρ₂ can be extracted from the decayfactor. In some exemplary embodiments, the measurement of the decayfactor can be based on measurement of an amplitude of the decay patternA_(n),k for the two frequencies ω_(jn) at two different time points k=1and k=2 with Δt between them, thus the decay factor is calculated asfollows:

$= \frac{\ln( \frac{A_{n1}}{A_{n2}} )}{\Delta t}$

In some exemplary embodiments, solving the two linear equations yieldsR_(p) and R_(r) and their matching Q_(p) and Q_(r). It should be notedthat, for a specific installation (practical system) the values of R_(p)and Q_(p) are constant, thus not effected by foreign objects placed onthe repeater due to the structure of the system (FIG. 1). Therefore,allowing the use of only one equation with single decay measurement inhigher resonance frequency for solving the above equations.

In step 304, a foreign object presence may be determined. In someexemplary embodiments, presence of foreign object may be determined, ifthe repeater circuit Q factor (Qr), previously determined in step 303,is smaller than a corrected (normalized) Q factor (Qwpc), previouslyobtained from the receiver in step 301.

It will be noted that, the repeater's effective resistance (Rr), aspreviously determined in step 303, is equivalent to the repeater's Qfactor, since Qr=2πfL/Rr for given [f] and [L]. It should also be notedthat, the reported Qwpc, by the receiver, requires correction in orderto compensate for the different magnetic characteristics between thereference transmitter (described above) and the repeater magneticcircuit.

In some exemplary embodiments, the compensation takes in to account theinductance of repeater and host transmitter coils, the reportedparasitic resistance of the reference transmitter coil the geometricdifferences that affect the coupling to typical receiver coils; and acombination thereof, or the like.

In some exemplary embodiment the following equation can be used tocalculate a corrected Q_(wpc′) of the reported Q_(wpc):

wpc ′ = w j ⁢ L r ( w ref ⁢ L ref Q wpc - R ref ) * S c + R r

In the above equation, R_(ref), w_(ref) & L_(ref) are respectively theparasitic resistance, resonance frequency and the inductance of thereference transmitter. R_(r), w₁, L_(r), Sc are respectively therepeater 200 parasitic resistance (without load); JRF and repeater 200inductance; a scaling factor to compensate for differences betweenreference transmitter coil and repeater coil dimensions.

In some exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter,Q_(wpc′)>Q_(r) is an indication of foreign object presence, which willconsequently cause the transmitter 100 to either shut down or minimizeits power transfer.

In some exemplary embodiments, steps 302 to 304 may be repeatedperiodically while charging the same device 20. Additionally, oralternatively, steps 302 to 304 may be repeated after detection offoreign object. Optionally, the entire method, i.e. steps 301 to 304 maybe repeated after detection of foreign object.

In some exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, theforeign-object detection method, may be based on the amplitude of eitherthe voltage or current of Lt 110, during a predefined time intervalafter the end of the excitation. Where the excitation is at the higherresonance frequency, i.e. yields most of excitation at the higherfrequency resonance. In some exemplary embodiments, the value, i.e.amplitude, can be compared to a predetermined threshold. Subsequently,if the amplitude is lower than the threshold, indicates that aforeign-object is present. It will be noted that, the determination of athreshold value may be based on measurement of the response amplitudewhen no device is placed on the repeater. Additionally, oralternatively, the foreign-object detection method described above mayutilized in combination with all or part of the steps depicted in FIG.3.

In some exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, theforeign-object detection method can be derived from measuring the higherJRF of the system. That frequency may be compared to a referencemeasurement of JRF, i.e. JRF measurement while no device or objects areplaced on the repeater 200. In this exemplary embodiment, a presence offoreign-object will cause the higher JRF of the system to be greaterthan a permitted threshold, above the reference measurement. In someexemplary embodiments, the permitted threshold may be set according tothe type of device placed on the system. It will be noted that, part ofthe WPC protocol, devices, such as device 20, incorporate in theircommunication with the host transmitter, information that allowstransmitters, such as transmitter 100, to distinguish between devicetype.

As an example, a phone from vendor X creates a reduction of resonancefrequency of typically 3 kHz. If the specific phone is detected, thepermitted threshold is set to −1 kHz. Thus, if the measured JRF isgreater than 1 khz below the reference JRF, a foreign-object isdetected. In contrast, a phone from vendor Y having a typical resonanceincrease of 1 khz, the threshold may be set to +3 kHz Thus, if themeasured JRF is greater than 3 khz above the reference JRF aforeign-object is detected.

In some exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, anycombination of the above methods and any combination of the stepsdepicted in FIG. 3 may be used for detecting foreign-objects.

The present disclosed subject matter may be a system, a method, and/or acomputer program product. The computer program product may include acomputer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readableprogram instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry outaspects of the present disclosed subject matter.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present disclosed subject matter may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present disclosed subject matter.

Aspects of the present disclosed subject matter are described hereinwith reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams ofmethods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according toembodiments of the disclosed subject matter. It will be understood thateach block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, andcombinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or blockdiagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present disclosed subject matter. In this regard,each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module,segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or moreexecutable instructions for implementing the specified logicalfunction(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted inthe block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example,two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry outcombinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosedsubject matter. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the”are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the contextclearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that theterms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present disclosed subject matter has been presentedfor purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to beexhaustive or limited to the disclosed subject matter in the formdisclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spiritof the disclosed subject matter. The embodiment was chosen and describedin order to best explain the principles of the disclosed subject matterand the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill inthe art to understand the disclosed subject matter for variousembodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particularuse contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A host transmitter inductively coupled with arepeater, the host transmitter configured to detect foreign objects by:obtaining a Q-factor from a receiver placed on the repeater; measuring adecay pattern of at least one joint resonance frequency (JRF);determining a Q-factor of the repeater based on the decay pattern; anddetermining foreign object presence based on the Q-factor of therepeater and a corrected Q-factor obtained from the receiver.
 2. Thehost transmitter of claim 1, wherein the decay pattern has anoscillation frequency corresponding a first JRF and a second JRF.
 3. Thehost transmitter of claim 2, wherein measuring the decay pattern aftercomprises measuring the decay pattern of the first JRF and the secondJRF for each sequence.
 4. The host transmitter of claim 1, wherein thehost transmitter measures the decay pattern by exciting a transmitterprimary coil of the host transmitter and measuring the decay patternafter the excitation.
 5. The host transmitter of claim 4, whereinexciting the transmitter primary coil comprises providing at least onesequence of pulses to the transmitter primary coil, each pulse of the atleast one sequence of pulses comprising a base frequency.
 6. The hosttransmitter of claim 5, wherein the base frequency is empiricallyachieved.
 7. The host transmitter of claim 1, wherein a base frequencyof each pulse of the at least one sequence of pulses is substantiallynear the at least one JRF.
 8. The host transmitter of claim 1, whereindetermining the Q-factor of the repeater is based on a decay factor ofthe decay pattern for an oscillation of the at least one JRF.
 9. Thehost transmitter of claim 1, wherein determining the foreign objectpresence comprises calculating the corrected Q-factor obtained from thereceiver by the host transmitter.
 10. The host transmitter of claim 1,wherein determining the foreign object presence comprises comparing thecorrected Q-factor to the Q-factor of the repeater, and wherein at leastone foreign object is detected if the Q-factor of the repeater is lessthan the corrected Q-factor.